Tuesday, October 30, 2007

Brum-brum ....


Vyrde Lesar. (Would you buy a used bike from this man?)

I Sarpsborg har som sagt Evensen blitt Frp'ar.

Den siste samling om maten. I Høyoppløsning.

Roger Larsen.

Signalbygg.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg vil det bl dårligere tider. Unntatt på Jordet!

Vi er også opptatt av arkitektur og signalbygg. Tenk om vi kunne få til noe slikt på Borregaardsyssel også!



Roger Larsen

Monday, October 29, 2007

And the Band Kept Playing ON.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg skal vi fortsatt fly som vi lyster og bygge ned Naturen.

Since 1987 annual emissions of carbon dioxide—the leading greenhouse gas warming the globe—have risen by a third, global fishing yields have declined by 10.6 million metric tons and the amount of land required to sustain humanity has swelled to more than 54 acres (22 hectares) per person. Yet, Earth can provide only roughly 39 acres (15 hectares) for every person living today.

Biodiversity—The planet is in the grips of the sixth great extinction in its 4.5-billion-year history, this one largely man-made. Species are becoming extinct 100 times faster than the average rate in the fossil record.

Climate—Average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.76 degree Celsius) over the past century and could increase as much as 8.1 degrees F (4.5 degrees C) over the next unless "drastic" steps are taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from, primarily, burning fossil fuels. Developed countries will need to reduce this globe-warming pollution by 60 to 80 percent by mid-century to stave off dire consequences, the report warns. "Fundamental changes in social and economic structures, including lifestyle changes, are crucial if rapid progress is to be achieved."

Food—The amount of food grown per acre has reached one metric ton, but such increasing intensity is also driving rapid desertification of formerly arable land as well as reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. In fact, four billion out of the world's 6.5 billion people could not get enough food to eat without such fertilization.

Water—One in 10 of the world's major rivers, including the Colorado and the Rio Grande in the U.S., fail to reach the sea for at least part of the year, due to demand for water. And that demand is rising; by 2025, the report predicts, demand for fresh water will rise by 50 percent in the developing world and 18 percent in industrialized countries. At the same time, human activity is polluting existing fresh waters with everything from fertilizer runoff to pharmaceuticals and climate change is shrinking the glaciers that provide drinking water for nearly one third of humanity. "The escalating burden of water demand," the report says, "will become intolerable in water-scarce countries."

Sunday, October 28, 2007

Morfarens outofafrica

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg har sjørøverne herjet.



MORFAREN :

Type: Y-Chromosome
Haplogroup: N (LLY22G)

Your STRs
DYS393: 14 DYS439: 10 DYS388: 12 DYS385a: 11
DYS19: 14 DYS389-1: 13 DYS390: 23 DYS385b: 13
DYS391: 11 DYS389-2: 16 DYS426: 11 DYS392: 14


How to Interpret Your Results
Above are results from the laboratory analysis of your Y-chromosome. Your DNA was analyzed for Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), which are repeating segments of your genome that have a high mutation rate. The location on the Y chromosome of each of these markers is depicted in the image, with the number of repeats for each of your STRs presented to the right of the marker. For example, DYS19 is a repeat of TAGA, so if your DNA repeated that sequence 12 times at that location, it would appear: DYS19 12. Studying the combination of these STR lengths in your Y Chromosome allows researchers to place you in a haplogroup, which reveals the complex migratory journeys of your ancestors. Y-SNP: In the event that the analysis of your STRs was inconclusive, your Y chromosome was also tested for the presence of an informative Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). These are mutational changes in a single nucleotide base, and allow researchers to definitively place you in a genetic haplogroup.

*NB: If your results indicate "null," this is a situation in which the lab was unable to obtain a result for this marker (aka location) in your DNA. Possible causes include a deletion in your DNA sequence that removed the entire marker, or a mutation near the marker that causes the test to be unable to "find" the marker in order to test it. While uncommon, this does occur occasionally.

Your Y-chromosome results identify you as a member of haplogroup N.
The genetic markers that define your ancestral history reach back roughly 60,000 years to the first common marker of all non-African men, M168, and follow your lineage to present day, ending with LLY22(G), the defining marker of haplogroup N.

If you look at the map highlighting your ancestors' route, you will see that members of haplogroup N carry the following Y-chromosome markers:

M168 > M89 > M9 > LLY22(G)

Today, your ancestors are found in northern parts of Scandinavia particularly northern Finland as well as Siberia east of the Altai Mountains, and in northeastern Europe. Many Russians are members of haplogroup N, as are the reindeer-herding Saami people of northern Scandinavia and Russia.

What's a haplogroup, and why do geneticists concentrate on the Y-chromosome in their search for markers? For that matter, what's a marker?

Each of us carries DNA that is a combination of genes passed from both our mother and father, giving us traits that range from eye color and height to athleticism and disease susceptibility. One exception is the Y-chromosome, which is passed directly from father to son, unchanged, from generation to generation.

Unchanged, that is unless a mutation—a random, naturally occurring, usually harmless change—occurs. The mutation, known as a marker, acts as a beacon; it can be mapped through generations because it will be passed down from the man in whom it occurred to his sons, their sons, and every male in his family for thousands of years.

In some instances there may be more than one mutational event that defines a particular branch on the tree. What this means is that any of these markers can be used to determine your particular haplogroup, since every individual who has one of these markers also has the others.

When geneticists identify such a marker, they try to figure out when it first occurred, and in which geographic region of the world. Each marker is essentially the beginning of a new lineage on the family tree of the human race. Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modern humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to populate the world.

A haplogroup is defined by a series of markers that are shared by other men who carry the same random mutations. The markers trace the path your ancestors took as they moved out of Africa. It's difficult to know how many men worldwide belong to any particular haplogroup, or even how many haplogroups there are, because scientists simply don't have enough data yet.

One of the goals of the five-year Genographic Project is to build a large enough database of anthropological genetic data to answer some of these questions. To achieve this, project team members are traveling to all corners of the world to collect more than 100,000 DNA samples from indigenous populations. In addition, we encourage you to contribute your anonymous results to the project database, helping our geneticists reveal more of the answers to our ancient past.

Keep checking these pages; as more information is received, more may be learned about your own genetic history.

Your Ancestral Journey: What We Know Now

M168: Your Earliest Ancestor

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: Roughly 50,000 years ago

Place of Origin: Africa

Climate: Temporary retreat of Ice Age; Africa moves from drought to warmer temperatures and moister conditions

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Approximately 10,000

Tools and Skills: Stone tools; earliest evidence of art and advanced conceptual skills

Skeletal and archaeological evidence suggest that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and began moving out of Africa to colonize the rest of the world around 60,000 years ago.

The man who gave rise to the first genetic marker in your lineage probably lived in northeast Africa in the region of the Rift Valley, perhaps in present-day Ethiopia, Kenya, or Tanzania, some 31,000 to 79,000 years ago. Scientists put the most likely date for when he lived at around 50,000 years ago. His descendants became the only lineage to survive outside of Africa, making him the common ancestor of every non-African man living today.

But why would man have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have provided the impetus for your ancestors' exodus out of Africa.

The African ice age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. It was around 50,000 years ago that the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to a savanna, the animals hunted by your ancestors expanded their range and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and the animals they hunted, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined.

In addition to a favorable change in climate, around this same time there was a great leap forward in modern humans' intellectual capacity. Many scientists believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn't been able to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new territories, exploit new resources, and replace other hominids.

M89: Moving Through the Middle East

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: 45,000 years ago

Place: Northern Africa or the Middle East

Climate: Middle East: Semi-arid grass plains

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Tens of thousands

Tools and Skills: Stone, ivory, wood tools

The next male ancestor in your ancestral lineage is the man who gave rise to M89, a marker found in 90 to 95 percent of all non-Africans. This man was born around 45,000 years ago in northern Africa or the Middle East.

The first people to leave Africa likely followed a coastal route that eventually ended in Australia. Your ancestors followed the expanding grasslands and plentiful game to the Middle East and beyond, and were part of the second great wave of migration out of Africa.

Beginning about 40,000 years ago, the climate shifted once again and became colder and more arid. Drought hit Africa and the grasslands reverted to desert, and for the next 20,000 years, the Saharan Gateway was effectively closed. With the desert impassable, your ancestors had two options: remain in the Middle East, or move on. Retreat back to the home continent was not an option.

While many of the descendants of M89 remained in the Middle East, others continued to follow the great herds of buffalo, antelope, woolly mammoths, and other game through what is now modern-day Iran to the vast steppes of Central Asia.

These semi-arid grass-covered plains formed an ancient "superhighway" stretching from eastern France to Korea. Your ancestors, having migrated north out of Africa into the Middle East, then traveled both east and west along this Central Asian superhighway. A smaller group continued moving north from the Middle East to Anatolia and the Balkans, trading familiar grasslands for forests and high country.

M9: The Eurasian Clan Spreads Wide and Far

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: 40,000 years ago

Place: Iran or southern Central Asia

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Tens of thousands

Tools and Skills: Upper Paleolithic

Your next ancestor, a man born around 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia, gave rise to a genetic marker known as M9, which marked a new lineage diverging from the M89 Middle Eastern Clan. His descendants, of which you are one, spent the next 30,000 years populating much of the planet.

This large lineage, known as the Eurasian Clan, dispersed gradually over thousands of years. Seasoned hunters followed the herds ever eastward, along the vast super highway of Eurasian steppe. Eventually their path was blocked by the massive mountain ranges of south Central Asia—the Hindu Kush, the Tian Shan, and the Himalayas.

The three mountain ranges meet in a region known as the "Pamir Knot," located in present-day Tajikistan. Here the tribes of hunters split into two groups. Some moved north into Central Asia, others moved south into what is now Pakistan and the Indian subcontinent.

These different migration routes through the Pamir Knot region gave rise to separate lineages.

Most people native to the Northern Hemisphere trace their roots to the Eurasian Clan. Nearly all North Americans and East Asians are descended from the man described above, as are most Europeans and many Indians.

LLY22G: Siberian Marker

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: Within the last 10,000 years

Place of Origin: Siberia

Climate: Present Day

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Tens of millions

Tools/Skills: Some hunter-fishers, some farmers

Language: Chiefly found in Uralic-speaking populations

One of the men in a group of Eurasian Clan peoples who traveled north through the Pamir Knot region gave rise to the LLY22G marker, which defines your lineage, haplogroup N. He was probably born in Siberia within the last 10,000 years.

Today his descendants effectively trace a migration of Uralic-speaking peoples during the last several thousand years. This lineage has dispersed throughout the generations, and is now found in southern parts of Scandinavia as well as northeastern Eurasia. The cultures of Uralic-speaking people are extremely diverse.

Most Uralic-speaking peoples in northern Europe have been farmers; the Hungarians, in their earliest history, were horse nomads of the steppe. Many Russians from the far north are also members of haplogroup N.

The Saami, an indigenous people of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia, traditionally supported themselves with hunting and fishing, their movement dictated by the reindeer herds. There may be as few as 85,000 Saami left today. Small indigenous communities like this are being forced by habitat reduction (e.g., mining and forestry) and the search for jobs to join the mainstream of today's globalized world. Projects like the Genographic Project may be our last opportunity to capture the data that will reveal some of our earliest migration patterns.

This is where your genetic trail, as we know it today, ends. However, be sure to revisit these pages. As additional data are collected and analyzed, more will be learned about your place in the history of the men and women who first populated the Earth. We will be updating these stories throughout the life of the project.

Saturday, October 27, 2007

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg Trastevere + drosje + norwegian + romabok

Mormorens outofafrica.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg sensurerer SA dette : Det er trist når politiske uenigheter ender opp med trusler. Jeg skulle gjerne ha hatt et ord med den personen som henvendte seg til en av familien min på Ultra. Ordlyden var lik den vi har sett i leserbrevspalten, men egentlig betyr henvendelsen dette : Vi føller med deg, og nå holder du kjeft! Jeg tar saken svært alvorlig. Overvåkingsvideoene på Ultra er dessverre slettet, men det er kanskje noen andre som har vet hvem det var? Anonymt eller ikke, jeg tar i mot alle tips, og overleverer de til politiet.

MORMOREN :




Your DNA results identify you as belonging to a specific branch of the human family tree called haplogroup U5. Haplogroup U5 contains the following subgroups: U5, U5a, U5a1, U5a1a, U5b, U5b1, U5b1b.

The map above shows the direction that your maternal ancestors took as they set out from their original homeland in East Africa. While humans did travel many different paths during a journey that took tens of thousands of years, the lines above represent the dominant trends in this migration.

Over time, the descendants of your ancestors ultimately made it into northeastern Europe, where most members of your haplogroup are found today. But before we can take you back in time and tell their stories, we must first understand how modern science makes this analysis possible.

How DNA Can Help



(To follow along, click See Your DNA Analysis above to view the data produced from your cheek scraping.)

The string of 569 letters shown above is your mitochondrial sequence, with the letters A, C, T, and G representing the four nucleotides—the chemical building blocks of life—that make up your DNA. The numbers at the top of the page refer to the positions in your sequence where informative mutations have occurred in your ancestors, and tell us a great deal about the history of your genetic lineage.

Here's how it works. Every once in a while a mutation—a random, natural (and usually harmless) change—occurs in the sequence of your mitochondrial DNA. Think of it as a spelling mistake: one of the "letters" in your sequence may change from a C to a T, or from an A to a G.

(Explore the Genetics Overview to learn more about population genetics.)

After one of these mutations occurs in a particular woman, she then passes it on to her daughters, and her daughters' daughters, and so on. (Mothers also pass on their mitochondrial DNA to their sons, but the sons in turn do not pass it on.)

Geneticists use these markers from people all over the world to construct one giant mitochondrial family tree. As you can imagine, the tree is very complex, but scientists can now determine both the age and geographic spread of each branch to reconstruct the prehistoric movements of our ancestors.

By looking at the mutations that you carry, we can trace your lineage, ancestor by ancestor, to reveal the path they traveled as they moved out of Africa. Our story begins with your earliest ancestor. Who was she, where did she live, and what is her story?

(Click Explore Your Route Map on the right side of the page to return to the map showing your haplogroup's ancestral journey.)



Your Ancestral Journey: What We Know Now

We will now take you back through the stories of your distant ancestors and show how the movements of their descendants gave rise to your mitochondrial lineage.

Each segment on the map above represents the migratory path of successive groups that eventually coalesced to form your branch of the tree. We start with your oldest ancestor, "Eve," and walk forward to more recent times, showing at each step the line of your ancestors who lived up to that point.

Mitochondrial Eve: The Mother of Us All

Ancestral Line: "Mitochondrial Eve"

Our story begins in Africa sometime between 150,000 and 170,000 years ago, with a woman whom anthropologists have nicknamed "Mitochondrial Eve."

She was awarded this mythic epithet in 1987 when population geneticists discovered that all people alive on the planet today can trace their maternal lineage back to her.

But Mitochondrial Eve was not the first female human. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and the first hominids—characterized by their unique bipedal stature—appeared nearly two million years before that. Yet despite humans having been around for almost 30,000 years, Eve is exceptional because hers is the only lineage from that distant time to survive to the present day.

Which begs the question, "So why Eve?"

Simply put, Eve was a survivor. A maternal line can become extinct for a number of reasons. A woman may not have children, or she may bear only sons (who do not pass her mtDNA to the next generation). She may fall victim to a catastrophic event such as a volcanic eruption, flood, or famine, all of which have plagued humans since the dawn of our species.

None of these extinction events happened to Eve's line. It may have been simple luck, or it may have been something much more. It was around this same time that modern humans' intellectual capacity underwent what Jared Diamond coined the Great Leap Forward. Many anthropologists believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn't been able to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new territories, exploit new resources, and outcompete and replace other hominids, such as the Neandertals.

It is difficult to pinpoint the chain of events that led to Eve's unique success, but we can say with certainty that all of us trace our maternal lineage back to this one woman.

The L Haplogroups: The Deepest Branches

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0

Mitochondrial Eve represents the root of the human family tree. Her descendents, moving around within Africa, eventually split into two distinct groups, characterized by a different set of mutations their members carry.

These groups are referred to as L0 and L1, and these individuals have the most divergent genetic sequences of anybody alive today, meaning they represent the deepest branches of the mitochondrial tree. Importantly, current genetic data indicates that indigenous people belonging to these groups are found exclusively in Africa. This means that, because all humans have a common female ancestor, "Eve," and because the genetic data shows that Africans are the oldest groups on the planet, we know our species originated there.

Haplogroups L1 and L0 likely originated in East Africa and then spread throughout the rest of the continent. Today, these lineages are found at highest frequencies in Africa's indigenous populations, the hunter-gatherer groups who have maintained their ancestors' culture, language, and customs for thousands of years.

At some point, after these two groups had coexisted in Africa for a few thousand years, something important happened. The mitochondrial sequence of a woman in one of these groups, L1, mutated. A letter in her DNA changed, and because many of her descendants have survived to the present, this change has become a window into the past. The descendants of this woman, characterized by this signpost mutation, went on to form their own group, called L2. Because the ancestor of L2 was herself a member of L1, we can say something about the emergence of these important groups: Eve begat L1, and L1 begat L2. Now we're starting to move down your ancestral line.

Haplogroup L2: West Africa

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2



L2 individuals are found in sub-Saharan Africa, and like their L1 predecessors, they also live in Central Africa and as far south as South Africa. But whereas L1/L0 individuals remained predominantly in eastern and southern Africa, your ancestors broke off into a different direction, which you can follow on the map above.

L2 individuals are most predominant in West Africa, where they constitute the majority of female lineages. And because L2 individuals are found at high frequencies and widely distributed along western Africa, they represent one of the predominant lineages in African-Americans. Unfortunately, it is difficult to pinpoint where a specific L2 lineage might have arisen. For an African-American who is L2—the likely result of West Africans being brought to America during the slave trade—it is difficult to say with certainty exactly where in Africa that lineage arose.

Fortunately, collaborative sampling with indigenous groups is currently underway to help learn more about these types of questions and to possibly bridge the gap that was created during those transatlantic voyages hundreds of years ago.

Haplogroup L3: Out of Africa

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3

Your next signpost ancestor is the woman whose birth around 80,000 years ago began haplogroup L3. It is a similar story: an individual in L2 underwent a mutation to her mitochondrial DNA, which was passed onto her children. The children were successful, and their descendants ultimately broke away from the L2 clan, eventually separating into a new group called L3. You can see above that this has revealed another step in your ancestral line.

While L3 individuals are found all over Africa, including the southern reaches of sub-Sahara, L3 is important for its movements north. You can follow this movement of the map above, seeing first the expansions of L1/L0, then L2, and followed by the northward migration of L3.

Your L3 ancestors were significant because they are the first modern humans to have left Africa, representing the deepest branches of the tree found outside of that continent.

Why would humans have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have provided the impetus for your ancestors' exodus out of Africa.

The African Ice Age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. Around 50,000 years ago the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to savanna, the animals your ancestors hunted expanded their range and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and plentiful game northward across this Saharan Gateway, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined.

Today, L3 individuals are found at high frequencies in populations across North Africa. From there, members of this group went in a few different directions. Some lineages within L3 testify to a distinct expansion event in the mid-Holocene that headed south, and are predominant in many Bantu groups found all over Africa. One group of individuals headed west and is primarily restricted to Atlantic western Africa, including the islands of Cabo Verde.

Other L3 individuals, your ancestors, kept moving northward, eventually leaving the African continent completely. These people currently make up around ten percent of the Middle Eastern population, and gave rise to two important haplogroups that went on to populate the rest of the world.

Haplogroup N: The Incubation Period

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N

Your next signpost ancestor is the woman whose descendants formed haplogroup N. Haplogroup N comprises one of two groups that were created by the descendants of L3.

The first of these groups, M, was the result of the first great wave of migration of modern humans to leave Africa. These people likely left the continent across the Horn of Africa near Ethiopia, and their descendants followed a coastal route eastward, eventually making it all the way to Australia and Polynesia.

The second great wave, also of L3 individuals, moved north rather than east and left the African continent across the Sinai Peninsula, in present-day Egypt. Also faced with the harsh desert conditions of the Sahara, these people likely followed the Nile basin, which would have proved a reliable water and food supply in spite of the surrounding desert and its frequent sandstorms.

Descendants of these migrants eventually formed haplogroup N. Early members of this group lived in the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia, where they likely coexisted for a time with other hominids such as Neandertals. Excavations in Israel's Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) have unearthed Neandertal skeletons as recent as 60,000 years old, indicating that there was both geographic and temporal overlap of these two hominids.

The ancient members of haplogroup N spawned many sublineages, which spread across much of the rest of the globe and are found throughout Asia, Europe, India, and the Americas.

Haplogroup R: Spreading Out

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N > R

After several thousand years in the Near East, individuals belonging to a new group called haplogroup R began to move out and explore the surrounding areas. Some moved south, migrating back into northern Africa. Others went west across Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and north across the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia and southern Russia. Still others headed east into the Middle East, and on to Central Asia. All of these individuals had one thing in common: they shared a female ancestor from the N clan, a recent descendant of the migration out of Africa.

The story of haplogroup R is complicated, however, because these individuals can be found almost everywhere, and because their origin is quite ancient. In fact, the ancestor of haplogroup R lived relatively soon after humans moved out of Africa during the second wave, and her descendants undertook many of the same migrations as her own group, N.

Because the two groups lived side by side for thousands of years, it is likely that the migrations radiating out from the Near East comprised individuals from both of these groups. They simply moved together, bringing their N and R lineages to the same places around the same times. The tapestry of genetic lines became quickly entangled, and geneticists are currently working to unravel the different stories of haplogroups N and R, since they are found in many of the same far-reaching places.

Haplogroup U: Toward the Black Sea

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N > R > U

Descending from the R group, a woman gave rise to people who now constitute haplogroup U. Because of the great genetic diversity found in haplogroup U, it is likely that this woman lived around 50,000 years ago.

Her descendants gave rise to several different subgroups, some of which exhibit very specific geographic homelands. The very old age of these subgroups has led to a wide distribution; today they harbor specific European, northern African, and Indian components, and are found in Arabia, the northern Caucasus Mountains, and throughout the Near East.

One interesting subgroup is U6, which branched off from haplogroup R while still in the Middle East, moved southward, and today is found in parts of northern Africa. Today, U6 individuals are found in around ten percent of people living in North Africa.

Other members of the larger haplogroup U descend from a group that moved northward out of the Near East. These women crossed the rugged Caucasus Mountains in southern Russia, and moved on to the steppes of the Black Sea. These individuals represent movements from the Black Sea steppes west into regions that comprise the present-day Baltic States and western Eurasia. This grassland then served as the home base for subsequent movements north and west. Today, members of these lineages are found in Europe and the eastern Mediterranean at frequencies of almost seven percent of the population.

While you do share distant ancestry with these subgroups of U, your genetic lineage went in a different direction.

Haplogroup U5: Your Branch on the Tree

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N > R > U > U5

We finally arrive at your own clan, a group of individuals who descend from a woman in the U branch of the tree. Her descendants, and the most recent common ancestor for all U5 individuals, broke off from the rest of the group and headed north into Scandinavia. Even though U5 is descended from an ancestor in haplogroup U, it is also ancient, estimated to be around 50,000 years old.

U5 is quite restricted in its variation to Scandinavia, and particularly to Finland. This is likely the result of the significant geographical, linguistic, and cultural isolation of the Finnish populations, which would have restricted geographic distribution of this subgroup and kept it fairly isolated genetically. The Saami, reindeer hunters who follow the herds from Siberia to Scandinavia each season, have the U5 lineage at a very high frequency of around 50 percent, indicating that it may have been introduced during their movements into these northern territories.

The U5 lineage is found outside of Scandinavia, though at much lower frequencies and at lower genetic diversity. Interestingly, the U5 lineage found in the Saami has also been found in some North African Berber populations in Morocco, Senegal, and Algeria. Finding similar genetic lineages in populations living thousands of miles apart is certainly unexpected, and is likely the result of re-expansions that occurred after the last glacial maximum around 15,000 years ago. Humans who had been confined to narrow patches in southern Europe began to move outward again, recolonizing ancient territories and bringing new genetic lineages with them.

In addition to being present in some parts of North Africa, U5 individuals also live sporadically in the Near East at two percent—about one-fifth as frequent as in parts of Europe—and are completely absent from Arabia. Their distribution in the Near East is largely confined to surrounding populations, such as Turks, Kurds, Armenians, and Egyptians. Because these individuals contain lineages that first evolved in Europe, their presence in the Near East is the result of a back-migration of people who left northern Europe and headed south, as though retracing the migratory paths of their own ancestors.
Roger Larsen.

Friday, October 26, 2007

Lover? Regler? Pøhh .. de er for alle andre de.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg gikk toget, og noen ønsket seg at skolen ikke skulle få råd til å flytte. Ehhh .... og noen er mot fredning av Alvimlandet (lover og regler skal jo bare følges av VALGKVEGET). Ehhh ... og som vanlig : FORFALL

ELDORADOMYTEN (skrevet av en liten gutt)

Det var en gang en gruppe mennesker som dro til Sør Afrika for å prøve å finne eldorado. Det var for 8 år siden i år 2029.
De hadde nettopp slått opp leiren da det begynte å regne.
Men en gruppe på fem menn hadde valgt å gå for seg selv.
De het: Jak, Pål, Roger, Chris og meg, Brian. Jak og Pål var brødre og bestevenner. Jak var liten og kraftig bygd mens Pål var høy og kjapp. Roger var sterk og kraftig han kunne lage ting ut av ingenting. Chris var ung, bare 25 år og enda under opplæring, han var bombespesialist med 5 års utanning

Klokka var 23.02 da vi hadde slått opp teltene. Alle unntatt Jak hadde lagt seg, han hadde babla om at vi ikke måtte gå ned i dalen siden vi så 32 mennesker hengende i et tre. Det hadde nok satt ett støkk i oss, men vi sa bare at vi måtte gå videre. Han la seg til å sove klokka 00.23. Vi sto opp klokka 07.23 og slo ned teltene. Vi hadde gått i 4 timer da vi tok en pause. Da det hadde gått en stund sa jeg :”vi deler oss i grupper og er tilbakke om 1 time. Jeg tar Chris, Jak ,Pål og Roger dere går sammen”. Jeg slengte geværet over skuldra og tok mascheten i hånda.
Vi begynte å gå. Vi hadde gått en god stund. Da hørte jeg at
Chris ropte på meg. Jeg listet meg bort, og så gjennom buskene han satt på knær foran. år jeg så ned skråningen så jeg et Maya rike. Vi la igjen en sporingsboks så vi kunne komme hit flere ganger. Da vi kom tilbake hadde de andre venta lenge.
Kvelden kom og vi gikk og la oss. Da jeg våkna vekka jeg de andre. Vi merka at Pål var borte, så vi løp til busken ved siden av Mayariket. Da vi så ned, så vi Pål. Han var bundet til en påle. Mange mayaer danset rundt han. Mayaindianeren med den store maska holdt en kniv i hånda. Da de skulle stikke kniven inn i hjertet hans, hoppet Jak ut av buska å skjøt indianeren. De andre skjøt etter indianerne som flyktet
Det var en hule ved Mayariket. Da vi hadde gått ned i hula fant vi gull og edelstener. Vi tok det vi greide å bære. Så dro vi hjem og fortalte ingen hva som hadde hendt. Derfor ble det hetende Eldoradomyten.

En flink tenåring in spe.

Roger Larsen.

Wednesday, October 24, 2007

Langemyr skal raseres!!!

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg blir det ikke noe påleggsmonopol. Det får holde med avvismonopol. Men at kjøttforedlerne i det hele tatt kan tenke slik. All produksjon på ET sted. Tenk om det kommer en salamionelle, eller hva de nå heter disse basseluskene.

WWF - naturbevarerne - skriver : Fire norske naturtyper er i faresonen : Myrer, edelløvskog, kalksjøer(?) og havstrand. Det skal visst bygges lekeland på Storesand, og Langemyr bygges ned. Jeg planter edelløvskog hvert år (nå har jeg bjørk, hassel og eik og mangler : lind, alm, lønn, bøk og ask.) Og Langemyr skal raseres!!!

Jeg har lenge skrevet om fylleferjene med taxfreebutikker, det har ikke SA, men se her :

"Skjenkesjokk hos Color Line Color Line varsler oppvask etter at skjenkekontrollen påviste overskjenking og skjenking av mindreårige.

På fergen «Color Bohus» mellom Sandefjord og Strømstad ble folk skjenket så fulle at de måtte ha hjelp til å gå. Om bord i MS «Color Viking» var forholdene enda verre. Det viser en fersk rapport fra skjenkekontrollen, som har tatt forholdene på fergene nærmere i øyensyn på oppdrag fra Fylkesmannen. Det melder NRK Vestfold.

På «Color Viking» måtte en beruset mann legges i stabilt sideleie etter å ha drukket flere shots og drinker i baren på en overfart i oktober. Han havnet etterhvert på sykestuen. Der ble det også funnet en pose med kokain.

Rapporten beskriver videre en episode med en mindreårig jente som satt i baren og drakk alkohol sammen med sine foreldre."

Er dette noe de ikke visste fra før, disse fylleferjene har jo gått i åresvis, langs HELE kysten.

Roger Larsen.

DEN FØRSTE SOMMERFUGL

Vyrde Lesar.

"I Sarpsborg har åpningstiden for flyplassen vært et omstridt tema. Ifølge konsesjonsvilkårene blir åpningstiden fra 07.00 til klokken 23.00. Lufthavnen skal også kunne brukes til småflyaktivitet."

Dette er noe ALLE har visst om siden tidenes morgen, men støy og gifthelvete som en flyplass er, har kanskje ikke noe å si i disse miljøtider, for nå skal de starte klokka 0630 (og det flyet som skal gå da, det må lande klokka ?) og slutte langtutpånatta. Og feige politikere bøyer unna, for framskrittet?

Se her : "Oslo-vannet testes for bakterier en gang i måneden, og for parasitter en gang hver tredje måned. I København testes vannet for bakterier femti ganger hver dag, og det testes daglig for parasitter."Vi har da ikke råd til slik testing. Vi har da bønder å ta vare på, de får 65% av lønna fra våre skattepenger. Ca 15 milliarder (og så betaler vi ca 15 milliarder for mye for maten pga tollsatser). Sånnt blir det PÆNG av.


DEN FØRSTE SOMMERFUGL (WERGELAND)

Min Sommerfugl, flyv ind! flyv ind!
Varm dig ved Vindurosens Kind!
Tro Solen ei endnu! Dens Gløden
kun lokker troløs dig i Døden.


Paa Taget sidder traurig Stær;
meer klog end du den veed det er
ei Græs det blege Skjær derude.
Flyv ind og gjem dig bag min Rude!


Det Regnbublink fra brænet Iis
ei Kløver er og Ærenspriis;
det Hvide, som langs Gjærdet skinner
ei Somrens Snefann af Jasminer.

Flyv ind, du søde lille Gjest!
Vi begge feire vil en Fest.
Du maa min første Rose smage.
Paa Qvisten blomstrer du tilbage.


Flyv ind og sæt dig paa min Pen!
Da bli'r den from som du igjen;
igjennem den skal mine Drømme
i al din Uskylds Skjønhed strømme.


Ak, mangen Spæd af Guddomsæt
ei finder aaben Dør saa let.
Dog ligne dig, du Luftens Blomme,
de Staklers Sjele, som forkomme.


Men kom du Kræ, er det for koldt!
Kom, Barn, om Verden er for stolt!
Jeg er meer stolt end den; men eder,
I Smaa, om Kjærlighed jeg beder.


-- Den første Sommerfugl? Velan,
kom ind, om i min Sjel du kan!
Fra den er mange slige fløjne
med Vingen dækt af gyldne Øjne.


Flyv ind! flyv ind! Jeg ene er,
ei tænker meer end du; kun seer
hvor Solen kan til Leeg nedlade
sig mellem Gyldenlakkens Blade.


I aabne Vindu øder den
sin Glands paa Planten, som igjen
med trodsig Dunkelhed kun taaler
i brudte og brunlig Glands dens Straaler.


Flyv, første Sommerfugl, flyv ind!
Nei, flyv du efter eget Sind!
Jeg sender mine og i Kulden.
Bag mig de pynte engang Mulden.


En Sommerfugl? Hvad mere smukt
er til det Skabtes Skjønhed brugt
end Farven paa dens Vinge drysset,
det Blomsterblad af Livet kysset?


Som paa et færdigt Maleri
det sidste Henstrøg af Geni
du, først da alt var skabt, blev givet
af Skaberfantasien Livet.


Gud saae hen paa det Skabtes Alt
-- det stille stod som var det malt --
da lød "se alt er godt!" -- da svævte
fra Græs Du først, og Alting levte.


Og saa hvert Aar det skeer endnu.
Det første Vaarens Bud er du,
Du melder først, at Skaberøjet
end seer udover Alt fornøjet.


Flyv, første Sommerfugl, flyv ind!
Varm dig ved Vindurosens Kind!
Tro Solen ei endnu! Dens Gløden
kun lokker troløs dig i Døden.


I Gyldenlakkens lune Skjød
du drømme dig en Drøm saa sød!
Min Sjel sig ofte der nedsænker,
og i sin Drøm den herligst tænker.


Imorgen flyv da om du vil.
Men kom blot naar det qveller til:
det Solskin er kun Vintrens Smilen,
den Lunkenhed kun Stormens Hvilen.


For koldt jeg selv jo finder alt,
de Andres Blod er mig for svalt.
Mit eget maa jeg derfor øde.
I Verdens Frost jeg ellers døde.


Oh, døde ei; men skrumptes ind,
blev Paul og Peder liig i Sind.
Min Geist blev slig som den behager,
og Digtets Flor en Kjøkkenager.


Meer Varme tidt mit Hjerte fik
af Hundens end af Vennens Blik,
Men Avindsmands? o, der er Varme!
Thi det optænder dog min Harme.


Men mindre Ting har større Glød:
det første Straa, som Vaaren skjød,
Skarlagnet paa en Flues Vinger
i livsfro Flugt min Blodstrøm bringer.


Kom, Sommerfugl! Jeg dig forstaar:
Du venter paa en bedre Vaar.
Du finder den hos mig; den naaes
af Alle hvor de kun forstaaes.


Engang hist i det Blaa for mig
og kjærligt Vindu aabner sig,
naar Dagen er for kold mig bleven,
om Sne ei er paa Issen dreven.


Og der derbag da blommer vel
en Rosenknop af Lys og Sjel.
Fordi min første jeg dig skjænker,
tillader Gud jeg did mig sænker.



Roger Larsen

Tuesday, October 23, 2007

Noen har snakket sammen.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg har noen opptaget det vi har visst leeeeenge. Bensina er billigst på mandags morran.

"Kontakten mellom statsministeren og den avgåtte LO-lederen foregikk stort sett i dyp fortrolighet og uten at andre var til stede.

- Det har aldri skjedd før at en LO-leder åpent refererer fra disse samtalene. Det er en del av tilliten som må være mellom leder av LO og leder av Arbeiderpartiet. Gerd-Liv Valla har brutt tilliten, sier en sentral Ap-kilde."

Sånn er det når noen begynner å røpe hva som skjer bak demokratiets rygg! Er det noe å bli sur og sutrete for da, og det er kanskje på tide å slutte med disse "samtalene".

Roger Larsen

Monday, October 22, 2007

SeogHørklone.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg jubles det over at vi skal kjøpe oss et topplag. Er det virkelig slik at det vi trenger mest er en stadion for innkjøpte nigerianere?

Og SA-blekka har starta SEogHør klone. Hvem er på byn? Oi, oi - trafikk, trafikk!! Treff, treff, money, money ...

Roger Larsen

Sunday, October 21, 2007

En politiker som TENKER?

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg har noen stjælt en bil. Det må ligge noe annet under om de etterlyser en 88modell Honda!!

For lenger enn langt siden, satt tre vakre damer i solskinnet utenfor Alders Hvile (nå boligspekulantobjekt). De var alle vakre og to var døtre og en var mor. De nøt en vakker, rød solnedgang. En av de var Grete Moræus Stray. Grete er nå valgt inn i bystyret, og hun stiller spørsmål i SA-blekka om vårt demokrati. Hvorfor ingen har gjort det tidligere, er kanskje ikke så rart. Byens ledende parti, med Den Gamle i spissen, tjener på det. Arbeiderpartiet vet selvsagt hvor deres velgere bor, og gidder derfor ikke å ta tak i saken. Det tjener ikke Partti. Så da så.

Men det ser altså ut til at vi har fått en politiker som tenker, og tenker prinsipielt, inn i bystyret. Noen som stiller spørsmålstegn ved det demokratiske system utvikling. Om EN monopolavisblekke kan dekke hele den politiske debatt og om man bare skal akseptere den demokratiske forvitring og den politiske forskyving : vekk fra folket og mer samarbeid med kapitalen og spekulantene. Fra sosialdemokrati (som egentlig skal beskytte folket mot overgrep, åndelige, økonomiske og fysiske) til kapitaldemokratiet(billige tomter til spekulantene, og da tenker jeg for eksempel på Arendal kommune). Er det virkelig politikernes oppgave å bygge dørfabrikker? La Steinrike Stutummer få billige tomter til å legge spritfergene ved? Det er mulig at jeg tar feil, men kan det ha blitt slik at valgmålinger foretatt av uavhengige byråer, er riktigere enn selve valgresultatene?

Den Gamle og Arbeiderpartiet er også bekymret for Tune Prestegård. Gården begynner å ligne Rolvsøybrua og er på full fart nedover. Den råtner på rot, og det er trist, men sånn er det å bo i et fattig land. Overalt råtner det og forfaller, og etterslepet på kommunale, fylkeskommunale og statlige skoler, bygg, veier, bruer, vannrør (ad astra) er vistnok mellom 150 og 450 milliarder kroner. Det er nemmelig ikke noe moro å drive med vedlikehold, når man kan bygge Operaer, Lekeland og utsiktspunkter langs Turistveiene (600 millioner takk). Når politikere med viten å vilje bortprioriterer vedlikehold (for det er jo ikke noe moro) så går det sånn. De vi har valgt til å ta vare på fellesskapets verdier gjør ikke jobben sin, men de fortsetter allikevel. Med Monumentene. Som blir Monumenter over en feilslått politisk prioritering. Nå er det for øvrig slik at planene om småblokker i Prestegårdshagen ikke er av ny dato. Det ser vi av Sarpsborg Kommunes rapport (kart på side 31), på denne adressen : http://vistautredning.no/rapport/TettSarp.pdf. Jeg har tatt en kopi, den kan jo ”tilfeldigvis” forsvinne. På Ise slåss for øvrig vanlige folk for retten til forutsigbarhet. Fra kommunen får de ingen hjelp, kanskje de skulle skifte navn? Til Buckhardt for eksempel.

Om Sarpsborg kommune nå ikke gir bort Stadionområdet for en slikk og ingenting, men selger det åpent og ærlig (ikke til de som bare kan ta en telefon) på en EKTE markedsplass, så skal man ikke se bort ifra at vi får råd til både reparasjoner, vedlikehold og utbytting av gamle vannrør. Samrør er noe helt annet.

Roger Larsen

Saturday, October 20, 2007

Planer, kart og geografi.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg er Den Gamle bekymret for Prestegårdshagen, men i kommunens TettSarp på side 31 kan alle som vil se kartet. Jeg kan ikke huske noen protester tidligere. Snarere tvertimot.

I 1994 fjernet Gudmund Hernes (AP) miljøgeografi fra lærerplanen, en framsynt mann, og om jeg ikke husker feil, har den RødGrønne regjering, representert ved SV (SurreVirre-partiet eller TotalPanikk som det kan kalles i dag) tatt hvileskjær i utdanningspolitikken. Det får da holde med at de er for AFP (pensjonsording som gjør at det ikke lønner seg å jobbe etter fyllte 62) og andre fremtidsrettede ting. Forskning kan, som mye annet, foregå i utlandet (akkurat som miljøfiendtlig kapitalismeoljeborring i Afrika). Vi har jo sauer og økologisk listeriaost her i landet.

Ja det finnes fortsatt de som tror økologisk mat betyr sikker mat og at det man kjøper på helsekostforretninger er sunt. Dem om det. Som dikteren Arnulf Øverland sa : "Noen tror på Gud, noen på politisk katekismus, noen på avholdenhet, på patentmedisiner, på rå grønnsaker og gulrøtter - men på sin fornuft tror de ikke, og de har da heller ingen grunn til det."

Roger Larsen

Friday, October 19, 2007

Farmorens outofafrica.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg fortsetter tiden (eller kommer den, eller går den i sirkel, eller )





Haplogroup: T (subclade T4)

Your Mitochondrial HVR I Sequence


16126C, 16294T, 16296T, 16324C, 16519C

Your Branch on the Human Family Tree.


Your DNA results identify you as belonging to a specific branch of the human family tree called haplogroup T. Haplogroup T contains the following subgroups: T, T2, T3, T4, T5.

The map above shows the direction that your maternal ancestors took as they set out from their original homeland in East Africa. While humans did travel many different paths during a journey that took tens of thousands of years, the lines above represent the dominant trends in this migration.

Over time, the descendants of your ancestors ultimately made it into northeastern Europe, where most members of your haplogroup are found today. But before we can take you back in time and tell their stories, we must first understand how modern science makes this analysis possible.

How DNA Can Help

The string of 569 letters shown above is your mitochondrial sequence, with the letters A, C, T, and G representing the four nucleotides—the chemical building blocks of life—that make up your DNA. The numbers at the top of the page refer to the positions in your sequence where informative mutations have occurred in your ancestors, and tell us a great deal about the history of your genetic lineage.

Here's how it works. Every once in a while a mutation—a random, natural (and usually harmless) change—occurs in the sequence of your mitochondrial DNA. Think of it as a spelling mistake: one of the "letters" in your sequence may change from a C to a T, or from an A to a G.

(Explore the Genetics Overview to learn more about population genetics.)

After one of these mutations occurs in a particular woman, she then passes it on to her daughters, and her daughters' daughters, and so on. (Mothers also pass on their mitochondrial DNA to their sons, but the sons in turn do not pass it on.)

Geneticists use these markers from people all over the world to construct one giant mitochondrial family tree. As you can imagine, the tree is very complex, but scientists can now determine both the age and geographic spread of each branch to reconstruct the prehistoric movements of our ancestors.

By looking at the mutations that you carry, we can trace your lineage, ancestor by ancestor, to reveal the path they traveled as they moved out of Africa. Our story begins with your earliest ancestor. Who was she, where did she live, and what is her story?

(Click Explore Your Route Map on the right side of the page to return to the map showing your haplogroup's ancestral journey.)

Your Ancestral Journey: What We Know Now

We will now take you back through the stories of your distant ancestors and show how the movements of their descendants gave rise to your mitochondrial lineage.

Each segment on the map above represents the migratory path of successive groups that eventually coalesced to form your branch of the tree. We start with your oldest ancestor, "Eve," and walk forward to more recent times, showing at each step the line of your ancestors who lived up to that point.

Mitochondrial Eve: The Mother of Us All

Ancestral Line: "Mitochondrial Eve"

Our story begins in Africa sometime between 150,000 and 170,000 years ago, with a woman whom anthropologists have nicknamed "Mitochondrial Eve."

She was awarded this mythic epithet in 1987 when population geneticists discovered that all people alive on the planet today can trace their maternal lineage back to her.

But Mitochondrial Eve was not the first female human. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and the first hominids—characterized by their unique bipedal stature—appeared nearly two million years before that. Yet despite humans having been around for almost 30,000 years, Eve is exceptional because hers is the only lineage from that distant time to survive to the present day.

Which begs the question, "So why Eve?"

Simply put, Eve was a survivor. A maternal line can become extinct for a number of reasons. A woman may not have children, or she may bear only sons (who do not pass her mtDNA to the next generation). She may fall victim to a catastrophic event such as a volcanic eruption, flood, or famine, all of which have plagued humans since the dawn of our species.

None of these extinction events happened to Eve's line. It may have been simple luck, or it may have been something much more. It was around this same time that modern humans' intellectual capacity underwent what author Jared Diamond coined the Great Leap Forward. Many anthropologists believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn't been able to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new territories, exploit new resources, and outcompete and replace other hominids, such as the Neandertals.

It is difficult to pinpoint the chain of events that led to Eve's unique success, but we can say with certainty that all of us trace our maternal lineage back to this one woman.

The L Haplogroups: The Deepest Branches

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0

Mitochondrial Eve represents the root of the human family tree. Her descendents, moving around within Africa, eventually split into two distinct groups, characterized by a different set of mutations their members carry.

These groups are referred to as L0 and L1, and these individuals have the most divergent genetic sequences of anybody alive today, meaning they represent the deepest branches of the mitochondrial tree. Importantly, current genetic data indicates that indigenous people belonging to these groups are found exclusively in Africa. This means that, because all humans have a common female ancestor, "Eve," and because the genetic data shows that Africans are the oldest groups on the planet, we know our species originated there.

Haplogroups L1 and L0 likely originated in East Africa and then spread throughout the rest of the continent. Today, these lineages are found at highest frequencies in Africa's indigenous populations, the hunter-gatherer groups who have maintained their ancestors' culture, language, and customs for thousands of years.

At some point, after these two groups had coexisted in Africa for a few thousand years, something important happened. The mitochondrial sequence of a woman in one of these groups, L1, mutated. A letter in her DNA changed, and because many of her descendants have survived to the present, this change has become a window into the past. The descendants of this woman, characterized by this signpost mutation, went on to form their own group, called L2. Because the ancestor of L2 was herself a member of L1, we can say something about the emergence of these important groups: Eve begat L1, and L1 begat L2. Now we're starting to move down your ancestral line.

Haplogroup L2: West Africa

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2

L2 individuals are found in sub-Saharan Africa, and like their L1 predecessors, they also live in Central Africa and as far south as South Africa. But whereas L1/L0 individuals remained predominantly in eastern and southern Africa, your ancestors broke off into a different direction, which you can follow on the map above.

L2 individuals are most predominant in West Africa, where they constitute the majority of female lineages. And because L2 individuals are found at high frequencies and widely distributed along western Africa, they represent one of the predominant lineages in African-Americans. Unfortunately, it is difficult to pinpoint where a specific L2 lineage might have arisen. For an African-American who is L2—the likely result of West Africans being brought to America during the slave trade—it is difficult to say with certainty exactly where in Africa that lineage arose.

Fortunately, collaborative sampling with indigenous groups is currently underway to help learn more about these types of questions and to possibly bridge the gap that was created during those transatlantic voyages hundreds of years ago.

Haplogroup L3: Out of Africa

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3

Your next signpost ancestor is the woman whose birth around 80,000 years ago began haplogroup L3. It is a similar story: an individual in L2 underwent a mutation to her mitochondrial DNA, which was passed onto her children. The children were successful, and their descendants ultimately broke away from the L2 clan, eventually separating into a new group called L3. You can see above that this has revealed another step in your ancestral line.

While L3 individuals are found all over Africa, including the southern reaches of sub-Sahara, L3 is important for its movements north. You can follow this movement of the map above, seeing first the expansions of L1/L0, then L2, and followed by the northward migration of L3.

Your L3 ancestors were significant because they are the first modern humans to have left Africa, representing the deepest branches of the tree found outside of that continent.

Why would humans have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have provided the impetus for your ancestors' exodus out of Africa.

The African Ice Age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. Around 50,000 years ago the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to savanna, the animals your ancestors hunted expanded their range and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and plentiful game northward across this Saharan Gateway, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined.

Today, L3 individuals are found at high frequencies in populations across North Africa. From there, members of this group went in a few different directions. Some lineages within L3 testify to a distinct expansion event in the mid-Holocene that headed south, and are predominant in many Bantu groups found all over Africa. One group of individuals headed west and is primarily restricted to Atlantic western Africa, including the islands of Cabo Verde.

Other L3 individuals, your ancestors, kept moving northward, eventually leaving the African continent completely. These people currently make up around ten percent of the Middle Eastern population, and gave rise to two important haplogroups that went on to populate the rest of the world.

Haplogroup N: The Incubation Period

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N

Your next signpost ancestor is the woman whose descendants formed haplogroup N. Haplogroup N comprises one of two groups that were created by the descendants of L3.

The first of these groups, M, was the result of the first great wave of migration of modern humans to leave Africa. These people likely left the continent across the Horn of Africa near Ethiopia, and their descendants followed a coastal route eastward, eventually making it all the way to Australia and Polynesia.

The second great wave, also of L3 individuals, moved north rather than east and left the African continent across the Sinai Peninsula, in present-day Egypt. Also faced with the harsh desert conditions of the Sahara, these people likely followed the Nile basin, which would have proved a reliable water and food supply in spite of the surrounding desert and its frequent sandstorms.

Descendants of these migrants eventually formed haplogroup N. Early members of this group lived in the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia, where they likely coexisted for a time with other hominids such as Neandertals. Excavations in Israel's Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) have unearthed Neandertal skeletons as recent as 60,000 years old, indicating that there was both geographic and temporal overlap of these two hominids.

The ancient members of haplogroup N spawned many sublineages, which spread across much of the rest of the globe and are found throughout Asia, Europe, India, and the Americas.

Haplogroup R: Spreading Out

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N > R

After several thousand years in the Near East, individuals belonging to a new group called haplogroup R began to move out and explore the surrounding areas. Some moved south, migrating back into northern Africa. Others went west across Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and north across the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia and southern Russia. Still others headed east into the Middle East, and on to Central Asia. All of these individuals had one thing in common: they shared a female ancestor from the N clan, a recent descendant of the migration out of Africa.

The story of haplogroup R is complicated, however, because these individuals can be found almost everywhere, and because their origin is quite ancient. In fact, the ancestor of haplogroup R lived relatively soon after humans moved out of Africa during the second wave, and her descendants undertook many of the same migrations as her own group, N.

Because the two groups lived side by side for thousands of years, it is likely that the migrations radiating out from the Near East comprised individuals from both of these groups. They simply moved together, bringing their N and R lineages to the same places around the same times. The tapestry of genetic lines became quickly entangled, and geneticists are currently working to unravel the different stories of haplogroups N and R, since they are found in many of the same far-reaching places.

Haplogroup T: Your Branch on the Tree

Ancestral line: "Eve" > L1/L0 > L2 > L3 > N > R > T

We finally arrive at your own clan, a group of individuals who descend from a woman in the R branch of the tree. The divergent genetic lineage that constitutes haplogroup T indicates that she lived sometime around 40,000 years ago.

Haplogroup T has a very wide distribution, and is present as far east as the Indus Valley bordering India and Pakistan and as far south as the Arabian Peninsula. It is also common in eastern and northern Europe. Although your haplogroup was present during the early and middle Upper Paleolithic, T is largely considered one of the main genetic signatures of the Neolithic expansions.

While groups of hunter-gatherers and subsistence fishermen had been occupying much of Eurasia for tens of thousands of years, around ten thousand years ago a group of modern humans living in the Fertile Crescent—present-day eastern Turkey and northern Syria—began domesticating the plants, nuts, and seeds they had been collecting. What resulted were the world's first agriculturalists, and this new cultural era is typically referred to as the Neolithic.

Groups of individuals able to support larger populations with this reliable food source began migrating out of the Middle East, bringing their new technology with them. By then, humans had already settled much of the surrounding areas, but this new agricultural technology proved too successful to ignore, and the surrounding groups quickly copied these new immigrants. Interestingly, DNA data indicate that while these new agriculturalists were incredibly successful at planting their technology in the surrounding groups, they were far less successful at planting their own genetic seed. Agriculture was quickly and widely adopted, but the lineages carried by these Neolithic expansions are found today at frequencies seldom greater than 20 percent in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia.

Anthropology vs. Genealogy

DNA markers require a long time to become informative. While mutations occur in every generation, it requires at least hundreds—normally thousands—of years for these markers to become windows back into the past, signposts on the human tree.

Still, our own genetic sequences often reveal that we fall within a particular sub-branch, a smaller, more recent branch on the tree.

While it may be difficult to say anything about the history of these sub-groups, they do reveal other people who are more closely related to us. It is a useful way to help bridge the anthropology of population genetics with the genealogy to which we are all accustomed.

One of the ways you can bridge this gap is to compare your own genetic lineage to those of people living all over the world. Mitosearch.org is a database that allows you to compare both your genetic sequence as well as your surname to those of thousands of people who have already joined the database. This type of search is a valuable way of inferring population events that have occurred in more recent times (i.e., the past few hundred years).

Looking Forward (Into the Past): Where Do We Go From Here?

Although the arrow of your haplogroup currently ends across Western Eurasia, this isn't the end of the journey for haplogroup T. This is where the genetic clues get murky and your DNA trail goes cold. Your initial results shown here are based upon the best information available today—but this is just the beginning.

A fundamental goal of the Genographic Project is to extend these arrows further toward the present day. To do this, Genographic has brought together ten renowned scientists and their teams from all over the world to study questions vital to our understanding of human history. By working together with indigenous peoples around the globe, we are learning more about these ancient migrations.

Help Us Find More Clues!

But there is another way that we will learn more about the past. By contributing your own results to the project, you will be allowed to participate anonymously in this ongoing research effort. This is important because it may contribute a great deal to our understanding of more recent human migrations. C

Og det var det ...

Roger Larsen

Thursday, October 18, 2007

Rygge trosset motkreftene

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg skal vi få ny ferge. Frekkstad er jo egentlig en del av Sarp?

Roger Larsen.

PS : FORUNDRET?

Av Tor-Erling Thømt Ruudog Gaute Zakariassen
Publisert i dag 06:14
- Noe av det som er problemet, er at ledningsnettet vårt noen steder er opptil 150 år gammelt, forteller Per Henriksen i stiftelsen Rent Norsk Vann.

- En stor del av rørene er lagt i åren etter krigen, og man har brukt ulike materialer. Det gjør at man har en meget stor lekkasjeprosent, både i vann- og avløpsrør.

Men det er ikke bare alderen på rørene som er problemet. Mange steder er gamle vannrør gravd ned rett ved siden av kloakkrør.

Når rørene ruster og sprekker, kan det lett komme bakterier og parasitter i drikkevannet.

- Den verste konsekvensen er at du blir syk og får diaré, blødninger, oppkast eller - enda verre - en parasittinfeksjon, slik vi så i Bergen i 2004, sier Henriksen.

Han anslår at opptil 50 prosent av det norske vannforsyningsnettet har lekkasjer.

Wednesday, October 17, 2007

Rygge.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg blir noen utropt til genier og helter fordi de greier å samarbeide. Gjeeeeeesp ....

Når det gjelder penger, penger, penger, penger, så må miljø, miljø, miljø vike for viktige sjarterturister!

Tiltredes vistnok av den sossialdemokratiske SA-blekka.

Roger Larsen.

Ps: Nå går jeg for å brette melkekartongen min! Det er ikke SÅ mange millioner vi skal brette for å utligne EN landing alså!

Pss : STATENS vegvesen får så øra flagrer i utredningen etter alle ulykkene med tuneller. Arrogante overfor private aktører, nesten blind for egne svakheter. Akkurt som vedlikeholdet på all annen kommunal, fylkeskommunal og statlig eiendom.

Tuesday, October 16, 2007

maaaaaange leilighyeneter

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg nærmer spekulantene seg ny stadion med maaaaaange leilighyeneter og mange kroner i banken. Kommunen derimot skal vel bidra med gratis tomter og sånn annet verdiløst.

Tiden står stille om dagen. Tinnitussen tar litt overhånd sammen med lydallergien.

Roger Larsen.

Nå er det forøvrig snart slutt på kolmula. Uttaket i 10 år har vært laaaaaangt over forskernes anbefalinger og nå er stammen nedslitt. Politikerne har visst dette. Miljøet har tapt, men mange fiskere i de fattige og triste distriktene (det er synd på oss, vi har ingen autostradabru her på øya men man har akkurat bygd "turistveier" for 600 000 millioner for oss, vi må jo da ha autostrada hit også, og miljøet? nei det er det afrikanere som skal redde, kjærringene der kan vel fortsatt bare GÅ 14 kilometer for å hente vann de (nå fikk jeg løst på ei pølse gitt, jeg tar bilen ned i kiosken. GÅÅÅ !!!??? 500METER !!!!!???????) har blitt rike 0skatteytere, så da er vel alt som før da? Se Torsken, se torsken ...t ..og svenske jegere har det så travelt med å filme seg sjøl på jakt, at når de blir angrepet av bjørn, så glemmer de helt å skyte. Ja, ja ... slemmebjørnen.

Monday, October 15, 2007

Farfarens outofafrica

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg gikk strømmen, og i SA sier de at TVn til Get ble rammet. Bredbåndet ble også rammet, men det fikk de ikke med seg? Derfor ingen søndagsBlogg, men det er vakkert i Halden, men der er de dome get, døm TAR VARE PÅ GAMLE TREHUS !!! IDOITER kan vi kalle dem!

Velholdte stier oppover festningsfjellet er det også, det er ikke som i Kurlandskogen gett. Der flyter det av hageavfall og dritt langs lysløypa, men det er vel innflyttere som bor der kanskje?


Lurær på han derre byarkitekten jeg gett. Er'n innflytter som driver med arkitektsvada?

Færre tyskere enn før besøker Norge. Regjeringen satser på å snu den negative trenden, og i dag lander kongeparet i Berlin. Skal den RødGrønne regjering satse på giftig bilturisme, flytrafikk og oljerøkutspyende kruseskip langs kysten? Er det ikke så farlig med klimaet allikevel? Åjjja, nå husær jeg det : det er alle døm andre som skal redde verden og klimaet. Vi skal selge KØLA og OLJA VÅR vi. Men langreiste tomater, ned DET er noe dritt det! Hva med langreist olje da?

En undersøkelse av mine sønners forfedere viser her Y-kromosomveien ut av Afrika.

Type: Y-Chromosome
Haplogroup: E3b (M35)

Your STRs
DYS393: 13
DYS439: 10
DYS388: 12
DYS385a: 13
DYS19: 13
DYS389-1: 15
DYS390: 24
DYS385b: 14
DYS391: 9
DYS389-2: 16
DYS426: 11
DYS392: 11


How to Interpret Your Results

Above are results from the laboratory analysis of your Y-chromosome. Your DNA was analyzed for Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), which are repeating segments of your genome that have a high mutation rate. The location on the Y chromosome of each of these markers is depicted in the image, with the number of repeats for each of your STRs presented to the right of the marker. For example, DYS19 is a repeat of TAGA, so if your DNA repeated that sequence 12 times at that location, it would appear: DYS19 12. Studying the combination of these STR lengths in your Y Chromosome allows researchers to place you in a haplogroup, which reveals the complex migratory journeys of your ancestors. Y-SNP: In the event that the analysis of your STRs was inconclusive, your Y chromosome was also tested for the presence of an informative Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). These are mutational changes in a single nucleotide base, and allow researchers to definitively place you in a genetic haplogroup.

*NB: If your results indicate "null," this is a situation in which the lab was unable to obtain a result for this marker (aka location) in your DNA. Possible causes include a deletion in your DNA sequence that removed the entire marker, or a mutation near the marker that causes the test to be unable to "find" the marker in order to test it. While uncommon, this does occur occasionally.






Your Y-chromosome results identify you as a member of haplogroup E3b.
The genetic markers that define your ancestral history reach back roughly 60,000 years to the first common marker of all non-African men, M168, and follow your lineage to present day, ending with M35, the defining marker of haplogroup E3b.

If you look at the map highlighting your ancestors' route, you will see that members of haplogroup E3b carry the following Y-chromosome markers:

M168 > YAP > M96 > M35

Today, the E3b line of descent is most heavily represented in Mediterranean populations. Approximately 10 percent of the men in Spain belong to this haplogroup, as do 12 percent of the men in northern Italy, and 13 percent of the men in central and southern Italy. Roughly 20 percent of the men in Sicily belong to this group. In the Balkans and Greece, between 20 to 30 percent of the men belong to E3b, as do nearly 75 percent of the men in North Africa. The haplogroup is rarely found in India or East Asia. Around 10 percent of all European men trace their descent to this line. For example, in Ireland, 3 to 4 percent of the men belong; in England, 4 to 5 percent; Hungary, 7 percent; and Poland, 8 to 9 percent. Nearly 25 percent of Jewish men belong to this haplogroup.

What's a haplogroup, and why do geneticists concentrate on the Y-chromosome in their search for markers? For that matter, what's a marker?

Each of us carries DNA that is a combination of genes passed from both our mother and father, giving us traits that range from eye color and height to athleticism and disease susceptibility. One exception is the Y-chromosome, which is passed directly from father to son, unchanged, from generation to generation.

Unchanged, that is unless a mutation—a random, naturally occurring, usually harmless change—occurs. The mutation, known as a marker, acts as a beacon; it can be mapped through generations because it will be passed down from the man in whom it occurred to his sons, their sons, and every male in his family for thousands of years.

In some instances there may be more than one mutational event that defines a particular branch on the tree. What this means is that any of these markers can be used to determine your particular haplogroup, since every individual who has one of these markers also has the others.

When geneticists identify such a marker, they try to figure out when it first occurred, and in which geographic region of the world. Each marker is essentially the beginning of a new lineage on the family tree of the human race. Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modern humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to populate the world.

A haplogroup is defined by a series of markers that are shared by other men who carry the same random mutations. The markers trace the path your ancestors took as they moved out of Africa. It's difficult to know how many men worldwide belong to any particular haplogroup, or even how many haplogroups there are, because scientists simply don't have enough data yet.

One of the goals of the five-year Genographic Project is to build a large enough database of anthropological genetic data to answer some of these questions. To achieve this, project team members are traveling to all corners of the world to collect more than 100,000 DNA samples from indigenous populations. In addition, we encourage you to contribute your anonymous results to the project database, helping our geneticists reveal more of the answers to our ancient past.

Keep checking these pages; as more information is received, more may be learned about your own genetic history.

Your Ancestral Journey: What We Know Now

M168: Your Earliest Ancestor

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: Roughly 50,000 years ago

Place of Origin: Africa

Climate: Temporary retreat of Ice Age; Africa moves from drought to warmer temperatures and moister conditions

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Approximately 10,000

Tools and Skills: Stone tools; earliest evidence of art and advanced conceptual skills

Skeletal and archaeological evidence suggest that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago, and began moving out of Africa to colonize the rest of the world around 60,000 years ago.

The man who gave rise to the first genetic marker in your lineage probably lived in northeast Africa in the region of the Rift Valley, perhaps in present-day Ethiopia, Kenya, or Tanzania, some 31,000 to 79,000 years ago. Scientists put the most likely date for when he lived at around 50,000 years ago. His descendants became the only lineage to survive outside of Africa, making him the common ancestor of every non-African man living today.

But why would man have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have provided the impetus for your ancestors' exodus out of Africa.

The African ice age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. It was around 50,000 years ago that the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to a savanna, the animals hunted by your ancestors expanded their range and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and the animals they hunted, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined.

In addition to a favorable change in climate, around this same time there was a great leap forward in modern humans' intellectual capacity. Many scientists believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn't been able to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new territories, exploit new resources, and replace other hominids.

YAP: An Ancient Mutation

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: Roughly 50,000 years ago

Place of Origin: Africa

Climate: Temporary retreat of Ice Age; Africa moves from drought to warmer temperatures and moister conditions

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Approximately 10,000

Tools/Skills: Stone tools; earliest evidence of art and advanced conceptual skills

Sub-Saharan populations living today are characterized by one of three distinct Y-chromosome branches on the human tree. Your paternal lineage E3a falls under one of these ancient branches and is referred to by geneticists as YAP.

YAP occurred around northeast Africa and is the most common of the three ancient genetic branches found in sub-Saharan Africa. It is characterized by a mutational event known as an Alu insertion, a 300-nucleotide fragment of DNA which, on rare occasion, gets inserted into different parts of the human genome during cell replication.

A man living around 50,000 years ago, your distant ancestor, acquired this fragment on his Y-chromosome and passed it on to his descendants. Over time this lineage split into two distinct groups. One is found primarily in Africa and the Mediterranean, is defined by marker M96 and is called haplogroup E. The other group, haplogroup D, is found in Asia and defined by the M174 mutation.

Your genetic lineage lies within the group that remained close to home, and was carried by men who likely played an integral role in recent cultural and migratory events within Africa.

M96: Moving Out of Africa

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: 30,000 to 40,000 years ago

Place of Origin: Africa

Climate: Dry Ice Age

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Tens of thousands

Tools/Skills: Upper Paleolithic

The next man in your ancestral lineage was born around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago in northeast Africa and gave rise to marker M96. The origins of M96 are unclear; further data may shed light on the precise origin of this lineage.

What is known is that there were two great waves of migration out of Africa. The first small groups of people left around 60,000 years ago and followed a coastal route that eventually reached Australia. The second exodus occurred beginning around 50,000 years ago, heading north. The bulk of these travelers were descendants of a man born with marker M89, a group we'll call the Middle Eastern Clan. Some 90 to 95 percent of all non-Africans today are descendants of the Middle Eastern Clan.

You are descended from an ancient African lineage that chose to move north into the Middle East. Your kinsmen may have accompanied the Middle Eastern Clan as they followed the great herds of large mammals north through the grassy plains and savannas of the Sahara gateway.

Alternatively, a group of your ancestors may have undertaken their own migration at a later date, following the same route previously traveled by the Middle Eastern Clan peoples.

Beginning about 40,000 years ago, the climate shifted once again and became colder and more arid. Drought hit Africa and the grasslands reverted to desert; for the next 20,000 years, the Saharan Gateway was effectively closed. With the desert impassable, your ancestors had two options: remain in the Middle East, or move on. Retreat back to the home continent was not an option.

M35: Neolithic Farmers

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: 20,000 years ago

Place of Origin: Middle East

Climate: Ice Age

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens: Hundreds of thousands

Tools/Skills: Upper Paleolithic-Neolithic

The final common ancestor in your haplogroup, the man who gave rise to marker M35, was born around 20,000 years ago in the Middle East. His descendants were among the first farmers and helped spread agriculture from the Middle East into the Mediterranean region.

At the end of the last ice age around 10,000 years ago, the climate changed once again and became more conducive to plant production. This probably helped spur the Neolithic Revolution, the point at which the human way of living changed from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agriculturists.

The early farming successes in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East beginning around 8,000 years ago spawned population booms and encouraged migration throughout much of the Mediterranean world.

Control over their food supply marks a major turning point for the human species. Rather than small clans of 30 to 50 people who were highly mobile and informally organized, agriculture brought the first trappings of civilization. Occupying a single territory required more complex social organization, moving from the kinship ties of a small tribe to the more elaborate relations of a larger community. It spurred trade, writing, calendars, and pioneered the rise of modern sedentary communities and cities.

These ancient farmers, your ancestors, helped bring the Neolithic Revolution into the Mediterranean.

This is where your genetic trail, as we know it today, ends. However, be sure to revisit these pages. As additional data are collected and analyzed, more will be learned about your place in the history of the men and women who first populated the Earth. We will be updating these stories throughout the life of the project.


Roger Larsen

Saturday, October 13, 2007

Gammæl røkkel i Halden.

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg er det noen som ØNSKER bråk, støy og leven. Det er selvsagt en politiker. Da er det rart at man hyller Gårærn for å påpeke at om man flyr mye, så går verden til Helvete. Rart med denne fredsprisen gett, EU, EEC, EF har aldri fått den, selvom det har vært lite kriging i Europa etter at EU, EEC, EF kom til. Men da hadde vel bondæne gått av skaftet?

Dagen bringer undertegnede til Halden. Festningen. Huth.

Godt den ikke ligger i Sarpsborg, for da hadde vel det gamle røklæ vært revet.

Halvparten yrkesaktiv Sveitser (og der er det ikke så mange som har vondt i ryggen) kjøper årskort på toget. Sveits tok sats da Norge lot jernbanen forfalle. Og ikke nok med det, SSB (jernbanen i Sveits) de tjener penger på eiendommene sine. DE HAR VEL VEDLIKHOLDT DISSE OGSÅ !!! SKRIIIIIIIKKKK!!!! VEDLIKEHOLD !!!!!!

Ja du husker vel de gamle svarte NSB uniformene. Nå har NSB fått flotte nye uniformer. Så nå er det bare skinner, ledninger som ikke ryker, dobbeltspor der det bor folk og lokførere de mangler. Godt vi har bønder som driver med noe viktig her i landet gett! Det er så viktig at vi jager vekk fattige landbrukere fra den tredje verden og suppsidierer de norske stakkarne med nærnmere 30 milliarder på år. Omtrent hele oljeoverskuddet!

Roger Larsen

Krangel og oppklaring:

Den gangen stilte stortingsrepresentant Ketil Solvik-Olsen (FrP) dette spørsmålet til Bjørnøy:

- Har Statsråden gjort noe arbeid rundt Al Gores film for å sikre at den ikke har faglige feil eller subjektive overdrivelser?

Miljøvernministeren valget å ikke svare på spørsmålet, men kommenterte isteden:

- Det er en tankevekkende og interessant film, som jeg håper vil sette verdens klimautfordringer ytterligere på dagsorden, og bidra til at elever i videregående skole også får økt kunnskap om klimatrusselen.

De ni feilene

Den britiske dommeren mente imidlertid at det var snakk om en politisk film, og her er de ni feilene han påpekte spesielt:

1) Gore hevder at en stigning av havnivået på opp til sju meter vil bli resultatet av en smelting av enten Vest-Antarktis eller Grønland ”i nær fremtid”.

Dommeren sier dette er uttrykkelig alarmistisk, og en del av Gores "wake-up call". Han sier seg enig i at dersom isen på Grønland smelter, vil det kunne slippe fri denne mengden vann – men i et tidsperspektiv på årtusener.

– Armageddon-scenariet har forutser, når han antyder at en stigning av havnivået på sju meter kan skje i nær framtid, er ikke på linje med det vitenskapelige konsensus, sier dommeren.

2) Filmen hevder at de lavtliggende, bebodde laguneøyene i Stillehavet er i ferd med å bli oversvømt på grunn av menneskeskapt global oppvarming.

Dommeren sier at det ikke finnes noe bevis for at det er skjedd noen evakuering så langt.

3) Dokumentaren forteller at global oppvarming kan føre til at havets transportbånd stopper opp. Med dette menes Den termohaline sirkulasjon, prosessen som fører Golfstrømmen over Nord-Atlanteren til Nord-Europa.

Dommeren siterte Det internasjonale klimapanelet (IPCC) på at det er svært usannsynlig at havets transportbånd ville stoppe opp i fremtiden, selv om havstrømmen kan bli redusert noe.

4) Gore påstår at to grafer, en som viser utviklingen av CO2-innholdet i atmosfæren, og en som viser temperaturutviklingen over 650 000 år, passer nøyaktig sammen.

Dommeren sier at selv om det er vitenskapelig enighet om at det er en forbindelse, etablerer ikke de to grafene det Gore hevder at de gjør.

5) Gore påstår at smeltingen av snø på fjellet Kilimanjaro i Øst-Afrika direkte skyldes global oppvarming.

Dommeren sier at forskere ikke har slått fast at tilbaketrekningen av snø på Kilimanjaro først og fremst skyldes menneskeskapt global oppvarming.

6) Filmen sier at uttørkingen av Lake Chad er et godt eksempel på en katastrofal følge av global oppvarming.

Dommeren sier at det ikke finnes nok dokumentasjon, og at oppfatningen så langt er at dette sannsynligvis har andre årsaker, som befolkningsøkning, overbeiting eller regional klimavariasjon.

7) Gore gir global oppvarming skylden for orkanen Katrina og de påfølgende katastrofale ødeleggelsene i New Orleans.

Dommeren sier det ikke finnes nok dokumentasjon til å kunne si dette.

8) Gore siterer en vitenskapelig studie og hevder at den er den første til å vise at isbjørner var funnet druknet på grunn av at de måtte svømme store avstander, opp til 100 kilometer, for å finne isen.

Dommeren sier at den eneste vitenskapelige studien som noen av partene foran ham var i stand til å finne, er en som indikerer at fire isbjørner nylig ble funnet druknet på grunn av en storm. Det betyr ikke at det ikke vil forekomme drukningsrelaterte dødsfall i framtida dersom pakkisen fortsetter å trekke seg tilbake, men det understøtter ganske enkelt ikke Gores konklusjon, sier dommeren.

9) Gore sier at korallrev over hele verden blekes på grunn av global oppvarming og andre faktorer.

Dommeren siterer IPCC igjen, og sier seg enig i at dersom gjennomsnittstemperaturen stiger med 1-3 grader, vil blekingen øke og flere koraller dø. Han legger imidlertid vekt på at det var vanskelig å skille virkningen av presset på korallene på grunn av klimaendringer fra andre årsaker, som overfiske og forurensning.

Aksepterte fire hovedpunkter

Samtidig som det ble påpekt mange feil, fremhevet dommeren også fire hovedpunkter i filmen som han mente var riktige og understøttet av det vitenskapelige konsensus.

Her dreier det seg om hypotesen om at dagens klimaendringer hovedsakelig er forårsaket av menneskeskapte utslipp av CO2, metan og lystgass.

De tre andre hovedpunktene som dommeren aksepterte, var at den globale gjennomsnittstemperaturen stiger og sannsynligvis vil fortsette med det, at klimaendringer vil forårsake store skader dersom vi ikke gjør noe med dem, og at det er fullt mulig for styresmakter og individer å redusere virkningene av klimaendringer.

Friday, October 12, 2007

Merkelige "rapporter".

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg kan Vistern ha redda bruæ på Greåker. Bestillingsverket av en "rapport" er muligens et bestillingsverk av en rapport, og om bruæ viser seg å være levedyktig, så betaler man vel ikke for noe sånnt tull. Det var forøvrig samme "unnskyldning" politikerne brukte når de rev brua ved Fredheim. Den var forfallen. De er alså ikke i stand til å gjøre det de er valgt for å gjøre : ta vare på fellesskapets verdier.

Tulling1 og Tulling2 møter i bystyret. Disse to som er de ytterste eksponentene for folks politikerforakt og en trussel mot lokaldemokratiet, bør støtes ut i den ytterste, mørke, politiske vinternatt. TREKK DERE !!

Roger Larsen.

Thursday, October 11, 2007

Trusler

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg har vi mange rare problemer.

I tenkeboxen. Familien er utsatt for trusler pga. leserinnlegg i SA. Lurer på politianmeldelse, ettersøking via annonse eller rett og slett å holde kjeft. Truslene ble framført ovenfor en av familiemedlemmene og lignet på uttalelser som har stått på trykk i SA.

Roger Larsen.

Wednesday, October 10, 2007

BETALE !!! for å redde miljøet?

Vyrde Lesar.

I Sarpsborg har tullingene nå begynt å melde seg ut og inn av partier. Men det er tullinger overalt, så hvorfor sier ikke AP : NEI TAKK. Vi vil ikke ha deg. Du får trekke deg helt ut av politikken, vi vil ikke være med på å ødelegge mer av politikkens rykte. Klovner er de ikke, da klovner er seriøst arbeidende kunstnere.

Sånn ser en miljøbil ut. Men Gerhardesen har levert tilbake sin, for nå er det jo ikke valg lenger (og så hadde han måttet BETALE (SKRIIIIIIIK) for den om han ville beholde den. Men må ikke alle det da? betale mener jeg?
Da kommer jeg på en kommuneansatt i Bergen. Han visste ikke at folk måtte betale MOMS på varer!!



Roger Larsen
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